Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture
Peer-reviewed journal "Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture"
Научно-практический центр Национальной академии наук Беларуси по механизации сельского хозяйства
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RELEVANCE OF APPLICATION OF AUTONOMOUS MOBILE UNITS IN AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
This paper examines the relevance of the development of autonomous mobile units for agriculture for use in pesticide application. Given the increasing population and decreasing number of people employed in the agricultural sector, automation of processes becomes a necessity to improve production efÏciency. The article also touches upon the issue of increasing the attractiveness of agriculture among young people due to the introduction of modern technologies. Statistical data illustrating the relevance and importance of this topic are given.
EXPIREMENT REASACHES OF PLANTER APPARAT PNEUMATIC TYPE FOR PLANTER FOR PRECISE PLANT TUBERS POTATOES
In article were provide expirement resaches of planter apparat pneumatic type. Expirement reaches was dimined minimum presser sucking of tubers for stationary conditions working planter. The tubers for medium fraction (30–55 mm) the presser was 4,5–5,3 kPa, for tuber big fraction (55–80 mm) – 6,7–7,5 kPa. For worckes the planter in a field conditions bisedes the terrain the vacuum presser holder of tubers to increase for medium fraction – 8,0 kPa, for big fraction – 9,7 kPa.
TECHNOLOGICALES ON A BASE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENS BY PRODUCE ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
Тhe article provides a principles and methods organic agriculture. A list of machines developed by RUE “SPC NAS of Belarus for the mechanization of agriculture” within the framework of the VI technological order is presented.
The article discusses nutrition from the first days of life of suckling piglets, the introduction of supplementary feeding and vitamins into their diet, as well as approximate daily feed rates.
THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING BODY MEASUREMENTS AND LIVE WEIGHT OF FARM ANIMALS
The principle of operation of the system for determining body measurements and live weight of farm animals is considered.
DATA FLOW PROCESSING DURING MILKING ROBOTIZATION
Determination of the nipple detection method in the development of domestic robotic milking systems.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF DESIGNS OF APPLIED UNDERDRIVERS AND FEED PUSHERS ON CATTLE FARMS AND COMPLEXES
The article provides an overview and analysis of the designs of used feed thrusters and feed thrusters on farms and complexes
TEST RESULTS OF THE SEMI-MOUNTED FEED PUSHER PKP-0,9
The test results of the semi-mounted feed pusher PKP-0,9 are presented.
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF A PROTOTYPE OF A DEVICE FOR PREPARING AND DISTRIBUTING COMPLETE FEED MIXTURES
The results of experimental studies of a prototype device for preparing and distributing complete feed mixtures are presented. During data processing, the influence of variation of such factors as the rotation frequency of the unloading auger, the number of nozzles, and the diameter of the nozzle hole on the optimization parameter was determined. A regression equation was obtained that reflectsthe dependence of the optimization parameter on the variable factors.
NFLUENCE OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MALT SPROUTS AS COMPOSITION OF MIXED FEEDS FOR FATTERING YOUNG CATTLE ON MEAT PRODUCTIVITY AND MEAT QUALITY
Feeding mixed feed with malt sprouts in an amount of 15 % by weight as part of diets had a positive effect on the growth of meat productivity: higher carcass yield – by 3,4 %, improvement in technological indicators of meat – protein quality indicator by 5,2 %.
DIGESTABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN DIETS CALLS WHEN FEEDING MALT SPROUTS
Feeding animals diets with an increased content of malt sprouts did not have a positive effect on the intensity of digestive processes, which affected the quality of metabolism.
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEMES OF EQUIPMENT SETS FOR DRIP AND FINE-DISPERSED COOLING (FOG) OF A ROOM
The article presents process flow diagrams of a set of equipment for drip and fine-dispersed cooling (fog) of a room.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANIZATION OF FLAX PRODUCTION PROCESSES
The article provides an analysis of the availability of flax plants with equipment for cultivation, harvesting, and harvesting flax. An assessment of the condition of the equipment for the primary processing of flax is given, as well as suggestions for improving the profitability of the industry.
THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CLEANING OF FLAX
The possibility of using digital technologies for cleaning flax by the roll method is considered.
THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESSING OF FLAX
The possibility of using digital technologies in the processing of flax is considered.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF ROLLER AND RIPPER WORKING ENGINES FOR PRE-SEEDING SOIL PREPARATION
The article presents the results of experimental studies of roller and loosening working bodies for pre-sowing tillage of soil for sowing small-seeded crops
THE RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL OF THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL FLOWS IN GRAIN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
The classification and structure of material flows in the technologies of cultivation of grain crops are presented, simulation models of the process of harvesting grain crops at the workplace are considered.
RELEVANCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION SEEDER WITH A CENTRALISED SYSTEM OF SEED AND FERTILIZER SUPPLY TO SEEDING MECHANISMS
The article presents domestic technical means used in the Republic of Belarus for sowing corn for grain and silage, reveals their disadvantages, and also presents ways of their solution, using foreign experience in the development of high-performance precision seeders of new generation.
ON THE ISSUE OF INTERACTION OF A FLAT WEDGE WITH THE SOIL
The work is devoted to a theoretical study of the interaction of the wedge with the soil. Analytical dependencies have been proposed for determining the traction resistance of a wedge by taking into account individual factors, including lateral zones of destruction.
TO THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME OF A WIDE-RANGE GRAIN SEEDER
The article presents a design and technological diagram of a wide-cut mechanical seeder with a centralized bunker
ON THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL DIAGRAM AND TYPE OF WORKING ENGINES OF THE UNIT FOR BASIC NON-MILLBOARD SOIL TILLAGE
The article provides a rationale for the technological process, schematic diagram and type of working parts of a promising modular tillage unit for basic non-moldboard tillage. The unit must have three modules installed in the following sequence: in front – a grinding module with spherical or wavy disks, then – a loosening module with chisel-type working bodies, at the back – a leveling and compacting module with leveling working bodies and compacting rollers.
TO THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM OF THE UNIT TILLAGE WITH VARIABLE WORKING WIDTH
The article presents a design diagram of a tillage unit with a working width that varies depending on the depth of tillage.
SOIL CULTIVATING UNIT MODULAR WITH VARIABLE WORKING WIDTH AMP-6
The article provides a technical description and provides the actual values of agrotechnicalindicators and indicators of the purpose of a modular tillage unit for basic non-moldboard tillage for tractors with a power of 400 hp or more, the design of which allows tillage to a depth of 6 to 40 cm and, depending on the processing depth, set the working width to 4, 6 or 8 meters.
DETERMINING THE WIDTH OF WORK OF A MODULAR SOIL CULTIVATION UNIT FOR TRACTORS WITH A POWER OF 400–450 HP
The article provides a definition of the working width of a promising soil-cultivating unit, which ensures rational loading of tractors with a power of 400–450 hp. when changing the depth of processing of the unit from 6 to 30 cm.
MOUNTED REVERSAL PLOW WITH VARIABLE CENTER OF MASS PNMF-4-40: DESIGN FEATURES AND TEST RESULTS
The article discusses the design and operating principle of a mounted 4-hull reversible plow with a variable center of mass and presents the results of its tests. It has been established that the new plow is safely aggregated with the Belarus-1221 tractor and provides the performance indicators required by the ROV.
AGROTECHNICAL MEASURES TO REDUCE LOSSES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT DURING AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
The article discusses agrotechnical measures and equipment for their implementation, ensuring a reduction in the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus into the environment, such as: plowless tillage, tillage with deep loosening, direct sowing, minimal tillage, combined sowing, differentiated surface band and subsoil application fertilizers, incorporation of fertilizers and liming of the soil.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF APPLICATION OF SOLID MINERAL FERTILIZERS
The article presents the main characteristics of some mineral fertilizers and chemical meliorants, analyzes the methods of applying fertilizers and types of spreaders, and considers the structure of potential losses of fertilizers in case of poor­quality application.
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING LOSSES FROM UNEVEN FERTILIZATION
The article presents analytical dependences of changes in the potential yield of agricultural crops depending on the uneven distribution of solid mineral fertilizers over the field surface. Graphical dependences reflecting the change in the coefÏcient of relative losses of fertilizers at different values of the coefÏcient of variation are presented.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE RATIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE FRUIT FLOW DIVIDER DURING SORTING
In this work, an experimental substantiation of the main parameters of the device for mechanical separation of the flow of fruits during their optical sorting by a vision system was carried out. To conduct experimentalstudies, a laboratory installation of a technical vision system was created, consisting of a photomodule with a video camera with a lens and structural illumination, as well as an electronic control unit with an industrial computer. To obtain the regression equation, a symmetrical non-compositional Box-Behnken design was chosen. The main objective of the experiment is to obtain a regression equation that will allow us to evaluate the influence of influencing factors on the accuracy of separating sorted apples. As optimization factors, the speed of the main conveyor, the angle of inclination of the carriage plate and the number of steps of holding the solenoid valve were chosen. As a result of experimental studies, a regression equation of dependence was obtained to determine the accuracy ofseparating sorted fruits.The analysis ofthe response surfacesmade it possible to establish the optimal values for the speed of the main conveyor = 0.41 m/s, the angle of inclination of the carriage plate = 27 degrees. and the number of steps of holding the valve by the solenoid = 93 steps., at which the sorting accuracy is more than 95 %. The results of experimental studies were implemented in the technological line for sorting and packing apples LSP-4 acceptance tests and which showed the correctness of the justified parameters. The work was carried out as part of task 5 “Develop and master the production of a technological line for sorting and packing apples” of the subprogram “Belselkhozmekhanizatsiya-2025” of the state scientific and technical program “Innovative agroindustrial and food technologies” 2021–2025.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNICAL VISION SYSTEM CONTROL PROGRAM FOR OPTICAL FRUIT SORTING (APPLECTL)
This article presents the rationale for the technical vision system control program for optical sorting of fruits of the technological line for sorting and packing apples LSP-4 and provides a description of its main components.
RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY TESTS OF THE UNIT FOR REMOVING THE CROWN OF BERRY BUSHES AUK-1
The article presents the results of preliminary tests of the unit for mechanical removal of the crown of berry bushes AUK-1.
DETERMINATION OF RATIONAL DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A GARDEN TUNNEL SPRAYER
This article presents the rationale for the design and technological scheme of a tunnel sprayer and its main parameters.
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TECHNICAL PRODUCTS FOR CLEANING AND DISINFECTING CONTAINERS FOR STORING FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
This article provides an analysis of existing technical means for cleaning and disinfecting containers for storing fruits and vegetables.
RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM OF SELECTION AND GRINDING OF ORGANIC WASTE FROM GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION
The article provides a brief overview of the supply of fruits and vegetables to the population produced by greenhouse plants in the Republic of Belarus. The problem of recycling plant waste from greenhouse production is raised, existing methods of recycling plant waste in agriculture and industry are considered. A solution to the problem of selecting and grinding organic waste from greenhouse production is proposed.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF DEVICE DESIGNS FOR REMOVING POLYMER MATERIALS FROM PRESSED FEED
The article presents the results of a review of modern feed procurement technologies and an analysis of the designs of existing devices used for removing polymer materials from pressed feed in our country and abroad.
THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES FOR CALCULATING THE DEVICE DESIGN FOR REMOVING POLYMERIC MATERIALS FROM PRESSED FEED
The article presents the results of theoretical studies to substantiate the design and technological parameters of a feed cutter. An analysis of trends in the development of machine designs and scientific experience in the field of mechanized distribution of pressed feed allowed us to develop the design of a device that ensures the separation of packaging polymer materials during the preparation and distribution of feed.
BELT RAKER: ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND ROLL FORMATION SCHEME
Organization of adequate feeding of farm animals, which is achieved by creating a strong food supply, high quality feed and their rational use when feeding animals, is the most important condition for increasing their productivity and maintaining health. However, the current state of the livestock feed supply does not fully meet the requirements of the industry and, without a number of transformations, cannot provide the necessary productivity. The task is not only to increase the production of feed, but also to improve its quality, which is inextricably linked with the technology of its preparation and the complexes of machines for the high-quality implementation of production processes for cleaning and preserving feed. The technical equipment of feed production, despite the measures taken, continues to be insufÏcient. In the context of a shortage of high-performance forage equipment and its aging, the need for effective organization of work comes to the fore. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises that harvest the first cuttings of grass in 15–20 days are always fully provided with high-quality feed. To increase the production of highly nutritious feed, a qualitative breakthrough is needed – the introduction into agricultural production of modern feed production technologies and machine complexes for their implementation. Each agricultural enterprise must have a detailed plan for harvesting grass and preparing feed, providing for various options in relation to weather conditions, operational maneuvering of technical means at the level of agricultural enterprises and regions, mandatory financial incentives for meeting the volumes and ensuring the quality of feed. In a set of measures to improve the quality of grass feed and provide livestock with plant protein, the harvesting and preparation of feed from grass is of utmost importance. At this technological stage there are reserves for reducing crop losses and reducing the cost of feed. In this regard, the article presents the rationale for the organization of work and the scheme for forming windrows with a belt rake.
THEORETICAL RESEARCH OF OPERATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL BELT ROLLER PARAMETERS
The article identifies factors influencing the quality of prepared feed: weather conditions; optimal timing for harvesting herbs; cutting height; duration of field drying or drying of the mown mass to the required humidity; quality of raking of dried grass mass; degree of grinding of the applied mass; quality of laid haylage and silage; rapid compaction of grass feed to the required size; fermentation process; high-quality storage and retrieval with minimal oxidation; Theoretical studies of the main operational and technological parameters of the belt rake were carried out.
IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF IMPACT ELEMENTS OF A HAMMER CRUSHER
The article presents the results of an analysis of patents for the designs of working parts of hammer crushers used for grinding grain fodder in the production of animal feed.
RESEARCH OF THE COEFFICIENT OF GRAIN RESTORATION AFTER PRELIMINARY DEFORMATION AT THE FIRST STAGE DURING TWO-STAGE GRINDING
The article presents theoretical and experimental studies to establish the dependence of the grain recovery coefÏcient on the degree of deformation at the first stage, taking into account the degree of deformation at the first stage during two-stage grinding. As a result, a decrease in the recovery coefÏcient was revealed when using preliminary grinding: for wheat from 0.50 (for whole grain) to 0.19 (for pre-crushed); for rye from 0.47 to 0.18; for triticale from 0.49 to 0.19; for barley from 0.53 to 0.21; for oats from 0.43 to 0.16. The obtained results show that with two-stage grinding, preliminary grinding at the first stage allows to reduce the grain recovery coefÏcient, which increasesthe amount of energy spent on deformation,thereby increasing the intensity of grinding at the second stage.
EFFECTIVE METHODS AND MEANS OF DIAGNOSING AUTOTRACTOR ENGINES
The article presents the results of the analysis of diagnostic methods for automotive and tractor engines, describes modern methods for monitoring wear of rubbing parts in real time and vibroacoustic methods that together allow for individualization of the engine condition assessment during its service life. The article presents the results of a set of research works on testing CRIN2 injectors of automotive and tractor engines of various operating hours, as well as an analysis of their vibration characteristics. The original signal is decomposed into levels and the oscillation amplitudes characteristic of certain decomposition levels are recorded, which made it possible to compile characteristic oscillation frequencies of the injector elements. A solution is proposed that allows supplementing the previously developed multichannel measuring system with functional capabilities for recording and assessing the engine indexing process.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF IMPACT ON THE SOIL WHEN DOUBLING TRACTOR WHEELS
The article presents a methodology for determining the indicators of interaction of tires with a rigid and deformable support base, and experimental data. A comparative analysis of the level of impact of single and dual tires on the soil is presented.
The article evaluates the use of tires with different tread patterns. The influence of tread parameters on the traction and grip properties of vehicles is analyzed.
ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION DURING THE OPERATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
The article considers the issues of calculating emissions of air pollutants from motor vehicles (MV), environmental and economic damage from the operation of MV that does not comply with environmental requirements, a patent technical solution for air purification from pollutants in the MV cabin is proposed.
ASSESSMENT OF CONDITIONS AND SAFETY OF EXECUTION ADJUSTMENT INFLUENCES DURING OPERATION OF TECHNICAL MEANS
Factors shaping working conditions, safety parameters, and estimated indicators for the safe implementation of the regulatory effects of a technical device during operation are considered. A patent technical solution has been proposed to improve the performance of the operator of a technical device when performing regulatory actions.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY WHEN OPERATING LARGE AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT UNDER POWER LINES
The article analyzes the state of industrial safety when operating large-sized agricultural machinery under power lines. The list of basic safety requirements under power lines is developed. The results of calculation of electric field strength of 110 kV power lines are given. The comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental data is carried out. To reduce the risk of electric current injury of the operator, a device signaling the approach of machinery to power lines at an unacceptable distance is developed.
SOFTWARE DRIVER FOR DIGITAL VIBRATION SENSORS INCLUDED IN THE MULTICHANNEL INTEGRATED VIBROACOUSTIC AND THERMAL DIAGNOSTICS DEVICE
A software multichannel driver for digital vibration sensors included in the multichannel device of integrated vibroacoustic and thermal diagnostics has been developed. The ability to read and write data simultaneously from three vibration sensors has been created. Performing this operation allows implementing the time period of the applied MPU9150 / MPU9250 sensor with a maximum data update rate of 1 000 readings/s. The vibration sensor can be connected “on the go” when the device is running, and the data file saved on the USB flash drive has a standard well-known wav format, easily processed by any modern software and mathematical package.
TECHNICAL SERVICE OF MOBILE MACHINES, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE VARIABILITY OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
The main operational indicators are considered, the most important of which is the climatic factor. A mechanism for planning the frequency of maintenance operations is proposed, taking into account the variability of operating conditions, which contributes to ensuring a high level of technical readiness of the fleet. The active, reserve and passive parts of the performance potential are considered. The dependences characterizing the processes of reducing the potential of machine performance are given, their transformation is noted with changes in natural and climatic operating conditions. The technique of technical service of mobile machines is proposed, taking into account the variability of operating conditions, which involves the analysis of a statistical array of data on ambient temperature in recent years to form an accurate forecast for the near future and perform subsequent calculations directly on the day of operation of the machine.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SILENCER
The influence of noise on tractor operators is considered. Design variants of experimental silencer 800-12005100 with maximum efÏciency of noise reduction as a part of tractor “BELARUS-1523” are determined. Positive results on back pressure in comparison with the serial silencer have been obtained. The resistance to exhaust gases of the experimental silencers 800-1205100 was within the limits of 6,4–9 kPa and corresponds to the requirements of TU RB 101326441.142-2004 for D-260.2S2 engines, which in its turn is lower than the serial one.
STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED EMITTERS FOR THERMAL TREATMENT OF MATERIALS
The electrical, energy and spectral characteristics of infrared emitters of various types were studied, and the requirements and technical recommendations for the parameters of infrared radiation sources for thermal processing of materials were substantiated.